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The 8051 microcontroller is a very commonly used microcontroller, one of the most popular ones. It’s an 8-bit microcontroller developed by Intel in the late 1970s. The key components of the 8051 microcontroller, such as ROM, RAM, I/O ports, serial communication, timer/counter, and interrupts, are all placed on a single chip.
The most distinctive characteristics of the product are: 8-bit CPU, 4Kb ROM for the program memory, 128 bytes of RAM for data memory, 2x16-bit timer/counters, 4 parallel I/O ports, each of them of 8 bits, and the clock frequency is typically at either 12MHz or 24MHz.
The 8051 microcontroller plays an important role in the development of embedded systems and various electronic appliances. The device is widely used in monitoring human systems in toys, TV remote, washing machines, medical systems, many security systems, etc.
There are many manufacturers that make their versions of this device but they are still based on the original 8051 architecture. Variations are usually identified in more memory, more I/O ports, and different internal peripherals.
It is written in an assembly language, but to make it easier, use Embedded C. There are many books and much valuable information on the internet, so you may read about the 8051 microcontroller in books or search for tutorials and courses that will allow you to program it yourself.